lena-dual-stripe.cc

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/*
 * Copyright (c) 2012 Centre Tecnologic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC)
 *
 * SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
 *
 * Author: Nicola Baldo <nbaldo@cttc.es>
 */
 
#include <ns3/applications-module.h>
#include <ns3/buildings-module.h>
#include <ns3/config-store-module.h>
#include <ns3/core-module.h>
#include <ns3/internet-module.h>
#include <ns3/log.h>
#include <ns3/lte-module.h>
#include <ns3/mobility-module.h>
#include <ns3/network-module.h>
#include <ns3/point-to-point-helper.h>
 
#include <iomanip>
#include <ios>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
 
// The topology of this simulation program is inspired from
// 3GPP R4-092042, Section 4.2.1 Dual Stripe Model
// note that the term "apartments" used in that document matches with
// the term "room" used in the BuildingsMobilityModel
 
using namespace ns3;
 
NS_LOG_COMPONENT_DEFINE("LenaDualStripe");
 
/**
 * Check if two boxes are overlapping.
 *
 * \param a First box.
 * \param b Second box.
 * \return true if the boxes are overlapping, false otherwise.
 */
bool
AreOverlapping(Box a, Box b)
{
    return !((a.xMin > b.xMax) || (b.xMin > a.xMax) || (a.yMin > b.yMax) || (b.yMin > a.yMax));
}
 
/**
 * Class that takes care of installing blocks of the
 * buildings in a given area. Buildings are installed in pairs
 * as in dual stripe scenario.
 */
class FemtocellBlockAllocator
{
  public:
    /**
     * Constructor
     * \param area the total area
     * \param nApartmentsX the number of apartments in the X direction
     * \param nFloors the number of floors
     */
    FemtocellBlockAllocator(Box area, uint32_t nApartmentsX, uint32_t nFloors);
    /**
     * Function that creates building blocks.
     * \param n the number of blocks to create
     */
    void Create(uint32_t n);
    /// Create function
    void Create();
 
  private:
    /**
     * Function that checks if the box area is overlapping with some of previously created building
     * blocks.
     * \param box the area to check
     * \returns true if there is an overlap
     */
    bool OverlapsWithAnyPrevious(Box box);
    Box m_area;                           ///< Area
    uint32_t m_nApartmentsX;              ///< X apartments
    uint32_t m_nFloors;                   ///< number of floors
    std::list<Box> m_previousBlocks;      ///< previous bocks
    double m_xSize;                       ///< X size
    double m_ySize;                       ///< Y size
    Ptr<UniformRandomVariable> m_xMinVar; ///< X minimum variance
    Ptr<UniformRandomVariable> m_yMinVar; ///< Y minimum variance
};
 
FemtocellBlockAllocator::FemtocellBlockAllocator(Box area, uint32_t nApartmentsX, uint32_t nFloors)
    : m_area(area),
      m_nApartmentsX(nApartmentsX),
      m_nFloors(nFloors),
      m_xSize(nApartmentsX * 10 + 20),
      m_ySize(70)
{
    m_xMinVar = CreateObject<UniformRandomVariable>();
    m_xMinVar->SetAttribute("Min", DoubleValue(area.xMin));
    m_xMinVar->SetAttribute("Max", DoubleValue(area.xMax - m_xSize));
    m_yMinVar = CreateObject<UniformRandomVariable>();
    m_yMinVar->SetAttribute("Min", DoubleValue(area.yMin));
    m_yMinVar->SetAttribute("Max", DoubleValue(area.yMax - m_ySize));
}
 
void
FemtocellBlockAllocator::Create(uint32_t n)
{
    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < n; ++i)
    {
        Create();
    }
}
 
void
FemtocellBlockAllocator::Create()
{
    Box box;
    uint32_t attempt = 0;
    do
    {
        NS_ASSERT_MSG(attempt < 100,
                      "Too many failed attempts to position apartment block. Too many blocks? Too "
                      "small area?");
        box.xMin = m_xMinVar->GetValue();
        box.xMax = box.xMin + m_xSize;
        box.yMin = m_yMinVar->GetValue();
        box.yMax = box.yMin + m_ySize;
        ++attempt;
    } while (OverlapsWithAnyPrevious(box));
 
    NS_LOG_LOGIC("allocated non overlapping block " << box);
    m_previousBlocks.push_back(box);
    Ptr<GridBuildingAllocator> gridBuildingAllocator;
    gridBuildingAllocator = CreateObject<GridBuildingAllocator>();
    gridBuildingAllocator->SetAttribute("GridWidth", UintegerValue(1));
    gridBuildingAllocator->SetAttribute("LengthX", DoubleValue(10 * m_nApartmentsX));
    gridBuildingAllocator->SetAttribute("LengthY", DoubleValue(10 * 2));
    gridBuildingAllocator->SetAttribute("DeltaX", DoubleValue(10));
    gridBuildingAllocator->SetAttribute("DeltaY", DoubleValue(10));
    gridBuildingAllocator->SetAttribute("Height", DoubleValue(3 * m_nFloors));
    gridBuildingAllocator->SetBuildingAttribute("NRoomsX", UintegerValue(m_nApartmentsX));
    gridBuildingAllocator->SetBuildingAttribute("NRoomsY", UintegerValue(2));
    gridBuildingAllocator->SetBuildingAttribute("NFloors", UintegerValue(m_nFloors));
    gridBuildingAllocator->SetAttribute("MinX", DoubleValue(box.xMin + 10));
    gridBuildingAllocator->SetAttribute("MinY", DoubleValue(box.yMin + 10));
    gridBuildingAllocator->Create(2);
}
 
bool
FemtocellBlockAllocator::OverlapsWithAnyPrevious(Box box)
{
    for (auto it = m_previousBlocks.begin(); it != m_previousBlocks.end(); ++it)
    {
        if (AreOverlapping(*it, box))
        {
            return true;
        }
    }
    return false;
}
 
/**
 * Print a list of buildings that can be plotted using Gnuplot.
 *
 * \param filename the output file name.
 */
void
PrintGnuplottableBuildingListToFile(std::string filename)
{
    std::ofstream outFile;
    outFile.open(filename, std::ios_base::out | std::ios_base::trunc);
    if (!outFile.is_open())
    {
        NS_LOG_ERROR("Can't open file " << filename);
        return;
    }
    uint32_t index = 0;
    for (auto it = BuildingList::Begin(); it != BuildingList::End(); ++it)
    {
        ++index;
        Box box = (*it)->GetBoundaries();
        outFile << "set object " << index << " rect from " << box.xMin << "," << box.yMin << " to "
                << box.xMax << "," << box.yMax << " front fs empty " << std::endl;
    }
}
 
/**
 * Print a list of UEs that can be plotted using Gnuplot.
 *
 * \param filename the output file name.
 */
void
PrintGnuplottableUeListToFile(std::string filename)
{
    std::ofstream outFile;
    outFile.open(filename, std::ios_base::out | std::ios_base::trunc);
    if (!outFile.is_open())
    {
        NS_LOG_ERROR("Can't open file " << filename);
        return;
    }
    for (auto it = NodeList::Begin(); it != NodeList::End(); ++it)
    {
        Ptr<Node> node = *it;
        int nDevs = node->GetNDevices();
        for (int j = 0; j < nDevs; j++)
        {
            Ptr<LteUeNetDevice> uedev = node->GetDevice(j)->GetObject<LteUeNetDevice>();
            if (uedev)
            {
                Vector pos = node->GetObject<MobilityModel>()->GetPosition();
                outFile << "set label \"" << uedev->GetImsi() << "\" at " << pos.x << "," << pos.y
                        << " left font \"Helvetica,4\" textcolor rgb \"grey\" front point pt 1 ps "
                           "0.3 lc rgb \"grey\" offset 0,0"
                        << std::endl;
            }
        }
    }
}
 
/**
 * Print a list of ENBs that can be plotted using Gnuplot.
 *
 * \param filename the output file name.
 */
void
PrintGnuplottableEnbListToFile(std::string filename)
{
    std::ofstream outFile;
    outFile.open(filename, std::ios_base::out | std::ios_base::trunc);
    if (!outFile.is_open())
    {
        NS_LOG_ERROR("Can't open file " << filename);
        return;
    }
    for (auto it = NodeList::Begin(); it != NodeList::End(); ++it)
    {
        Ptr<Node> node = *it;
        int nDevs = node->GetNDevices();
        for (int j = 0; j < nDevs; j++)
        {
            Ptr<LteEnbNetDevice> enbdev = node->GetDevice(j)->GetObject<LteEnbNetDevice>();
            if (enbdev)
            {
                Vector pos = node->GetObject<MobilityModel>()->GetPosition();
                outFile << "set label \"" << enbdev->GetCellId() << "\" at " << pos.x << ","
                        << pos.y
                        << " left font \"Helvetica,4\" textcolor rgb \"white\" front  point pt 2 "
                           "ps 0.3 lc rgb \"white\" offset 0,0"
                        << std::endl;
            }
        }
    }
}
 
/// Number of femtocell blocks
static ns3::GlobalValue g_nBlocks("nBlocks",
                                  "Number of femtocell blocks",
                                  ns3::UintegerValue(1),
                                  ns3::MakeUintegerChecker<uint32_t>());
 
/// Number of apartments along the X axis in a femtocell block
static ns3::GlobalValue g_nApartmentsX("nApartmentsX",
                                       "Number of apartments along the X axis in a femtocell block",
                                       ns3::UintegerValue(10),
                                       ns3::MakeUintegerChecker<uint32_t>());
 
/// Number of floors
static ns3::GlobalValue g_nFloors("nFloors",
                                  "Number of floors",
                                  ns3::UintegerValue(1),
                                  ns3::MakeUintegerChecker<uint32_t>());
 
/// How many macro sites there are
static ns3::GlobalValue g_nMacroEnbSites("nMacroEnbSites",
                                         "How many macro sites there are",
                                         ns3::UintegerValue(3),
                                         ns3::MakeUintegerChecker<uint32_t>());
 
/// (minimum) number of sites along the X-axis of the hex grid
static ns3::GlobalValue g_nMacroEnbSitesX(
    "nMacroEnbSitesX",
    "(minimum) number of sites along the X-axis of the hex grid",
    ns3::UintegerValue(1),
    ns3::MakeUintegerChecker<uint32_t>());
 
/// min distance between two nearby macro cell sites
static ns3::GlobalValue g_interSiteDistance("interSiteDistance",
                                            "min distance between two nearby macro cell sites",
                                            ns3::DoubleValue(500),
                                            ns3::MakeDoubleChecker<double>());
 
/// how much the UE area extends outside the macrocell grid, expressed as fraction of the
/// interSiteDistance
static ns3::GlobalValue g_areaMarginFactor(
    "areaMarginFactor",
    "how much the UE area extends outside the macrocell grid, "
    "expressed as fraction of the interSiteDistance",
    ns3::DoubleValue(0.5),
    ns3::MakeDoubleChecker<double>());
 
/// How many macrocell UEs there are per square meter
static ns3::GlobalValue g_macroUeDensity("macroUeDensity",
                                         "How many macrocell UEs there are per square meter",
                                         ns3::DoubleValue(0.00002),
                                         ns3::MakeDoubleChecker<double>());
 
/// The HeNB deployment ratio as per 3GPP R4-092042
static ns3::GlobalValue g_homeEnbDeploymentRatio("homeEnbDeploymentRatio",
                                                 "The HeNB deployment ratio as per 3GPP R4-092042",
                                                 ns3::DoubleValue(0.2),
                                                 ns3::MakeDoubleChecker<double>());
 
/// The HeNB activation ratio as per 3GPP R4-092042
static ns3::GlobalValue g_homeEnbActivationRatio("homeEnbActivationRatio",
                                                 "The HeNB activation ratio as per 3GPP R4-092042",
                                                 ns3::DoubleValue(0.5),
                                                 ns3::MakeDoubleChecker<double>());
 
/// How many (on average) home UEs per HeNB there are in the simulation
static ns3::GlobalValue g_homeUesHomeEnbRatio(
    "homeUesHomeEnbRatio",
    "How many (on average) home UEs per HeNB there are in the simulation",
    ns3::DoubleValue(1.0),
    ns3::MakeDoubleChecker<double>());
 
/// TX power [dBm] used by macro eNBs
static ns3::GlobalValue g_macroEnbTxPowerDbm("macroEnbTxPowerDbm",
                                             "TX power [dBm] used by macro eNBs",
                                             ns3::DoubleValue(46.0),
                                             ns3::MakeDoubleChecker<double>());
 
/// TX power [dBm] used by HeNBs
static ns3::GlobalValue g_homeEnbTxPowerDbm("homeEnbTxPowerDbm",
                                            "TX power [dBm] used by HeNBs",
                                            ns3::DoubleValue(20.0),
                                            ns3::MakeDoubleChecker<double>());
 
/// DL EARFCN used by macro eNBs
static ns3::GlobalValue g_macroEnbDlEarfcn("macroEnbDlEarfcn",
                                           "DL EARFCN used by macro eNBs",
                                           ns3::UintegerValue(100),
                                           ns3::MakeUintegerChecker<uint16_t>());
 
/// DL EARFCN used by HeNBs
static ns3::GlobalValue g_homeEnbDlEarfcn("homeEnbDlEarfcn",
                                          "DL EARFCN used by HeNBs",
                                          ns3::UintegerValue(100),
                                          ns3::MakeUintegerChecker<uint16_t>());
 
/// Bandwidth [num RBs] used by macro eNBs
static ns3::GlobalValue g_macroEnbBandwidth("macroEnbBandwidth",
                                            "bandwidth [num RBs] used by macro eNBs",
                                            ns3::UintegerValue(25),
                                            ns3::MakeUintegerChecker<uint16_t>());
 
/// Bandwidth [num RBs] used by HeNBs
static ns3::GlobalValue g_homeEnbBandwidth("homeEnbBandwidth",
                                           "bandwidth [num RBs] used by HeNBs",
                                           ns3::UintegerValue(25),
                                           ns3::MakeUintegerChecker<uint16_t>());
 
/// Total duration of the simulation [s]
static ns3::GlobalValue g_simTime("simTime",
                                  "Total duration of the simulation [s]",
                                  ns3::DoubleValue(0.25),
                                  ns3::MakeDoubleChecker<double>());
 
/// If true, will generate a REM and then abort the simulation
static ns3::GlobalValue g_generateRem(
    "generateRem",
    "if true, will generate a REM and then abort the simulation;"
    "if false, will run the simulation normally (without generating any REM)",
    ns3::BooleanValue(false),
    ns3::MakeBooleanChecker());
 
/// Resource Block Id of Data Channel, for which REM will be generated.
static ns3::GlobalValue g_remRbId(
    "remRbId",
    "Resource Block Id of Data Channel, for which REM will be generated;"
    "default value is -1, what means REM will be averaged from all RBs of "
    "Control Channel",
    ns3::IntegerValue(-1),
    MakeIntegerChecker<int32_t>());
 
/// If true, will setup the EPC to simulate an end-to-end topology.
static ns3::GlobalValue g_epc(
    "epc",
    "If true, will setup the EPC to simulate an end-to-end topology, "
    "with real IP applications over PDCP and RLC UM (or RLC AM by changing "
    "the default value of EpsBearerToRlcMapping e.g. to RLC_AM_ALWAYS). "
    "If false, only the LTE radio access will be simulated with RLC SM.",
    ns3::BooleanValue(false),
    ns3::MakeBooleanChecker());
 
/// if true, will activate data flows in the downlink when EPC is being used.
static ns3::GlobalValue g_epcDl(
    "epcDl",
    "if true, will activate data flows in the downlink when EPC is being used. "
    "If false, downlink flows won't be activated. "
    "If EPC is not used, this parameter will be ignored.",
    ns3::BooleanValue(true),
    ns3::MakeBooleanChecker());
 
/// if true, will activate data flows in the uplink when EPC is being used.
static ns3::GlobalValue g_epcUl(
    "epcUl",
    "if true, will activate data flows in the uplink when EPC is being used. "
    "If false, uplink flows won't be activated. "
    "If EPC is not used, this parameter will be ignored.",
    ns3::BooleanValue(true),
    ns3::MakeBooleanChecker());
 
/// if true, the UdpClient application will be used.
static ns3::GlobalValue g_useUdp(
    "useUdp",
    "if true, the UdpClient application will be used. "
    "Otherwise, the BulkSend application will be used over a TCP connection. "
    "If EPC is not used, this parameter will be ignored.",
    ns3::BooleanValue(true),
    ns3::MakeBooleanChecker());
 
/// The path of the fading trace (by default no fading trace is loaded, i.e., fading is not
/// considered)
static ns3::GlobalValue g_fadingTrace("fadingTrace",
                                      "The path of the fading trace (by default no fading trace "
                                      "is loaded, i.e., fading is not considered)",
                                      ns3::StringValue(""),
                                      ns3::MakeStringChecker());
 
/// How many bearers per UE there are in the simulation
static ns3::GlobalValue g_numBearersPerUe("numBearersPerUe",
                                          "How many bearers per UE there are in the simulation",
                                          ns3::UintegerValue(1),
                                          ns3::MakeUintegerChecker<uint16_t>());
 
/// SRS Periodicity (has to be at least greater than the number of UEs per eNB)
static ns3::GlobalValue g_srsPeriodicity("srsPeriodicity",
                                         "SRS Periodicity (has to be at least "
                                         "greater than the number of UEs per eNB)",
                                         ns3::UintegerValue(80),
                                         ns3::MakeUintegerChecker<uint16_t>());
 
/// Minimum speed value of macro UE with random waypoint model [m/s].
static ns3::GlobalValue g_outdoorUeMinSpeed(
    "outdoorUeMinSpeed",
    "Minimum speed value of macro UE with random waypoint model [m/s].",
    ns3::DoubleValue(0.0),
    ns3::MakeDoubleChecker<double>());
 
/// Maximum speed value of macro UE with random waypoint model [m/s].
static ns3::GlobalValue g_outdoorUeMaxSpeed(
    "outdoorUeMaxSpeed",
    "Maximum speed value of macro UE with random waypoint model [m/s].",
    ns3::DoubleValue(0.0),
    ns3::MakeDoubleChecker<double>());
 
int
main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
    // change some default attributes so that they are reasonable for
    // this scenario, but do this before processing command line
    // arguments, so that the user is allowed to override these settings
    Config::SetDefault("ns3::UdpClient::Interval", TimeValue(MilliSeconds(1)));
    Config::SetDefault("ns3::UdpClient::MaxPackets", UintegerValue(1000000));
    Config::SetDefault("ns3::LteRlcUm::MaxTxBufferSize", UintegerValue(10 * 1024));
 
    CommandLine cmd(__FILE__);
    cmd.Parse(argc, argv);
    ConfigStore inputConfig;
    inputConfig.ConfigureDefaults();
    // parse again so you can override input file default values via command line
    cmd.Parse(argc, argv);
 
    // the scenario parameters get their values from the global attributes defined above
    UintegerValue uintegerValue;
    IntegerValue integerValue;
    DoubleValue doubleValue;
    BooleanValue booleanValue;
    StringValue stringValue;
    GlobalValue::GetValueByName("nBlocks", uintegerValue);
    uint32_t nBlocks = uintegerValue.Get();
    GlobalValue::GetValueByName("nApartmentsX", uintegerValue);
    uint32_t nApartmentsX = uintegerValue.Get();
    GlobalValue::GetValueByName("nFloors", uintegerValue);
    uint32_t nFloors = uintegerValue.Get();
    GlobalValue::GetValueByName("nMacroEnbSites", uintegerValue);
    uint32_t nMacroEnbSites = uintegerValue.Get();
    GlobalValue::GetValueByName("nMacroEnbSitesX", uintegerValue);
    uint32_t nMacroEnbSitesX = uintegerValue.Get();
    GlobalValue::GetValueByName("interSiteDistance", doubleValue);
    double interSiteDistance = doubleValue.Get();
    GlobalValue::GetValueByName("areaMarginFactor", doubleValue);
    double areaMarginFactor = doubleValue.Get();
    GlobalValue::GetValueByName("macroUeDensity", doubleValue);
    double macroUeDensity = doubleValue.Get();
    GlobalValue::GetValueByName("homeEnbDeploymentRatio", doubleValue);
    double homeEnbDeploymentRatio = doubleValue.Get();
    GlobalValue::GetValueByName("homeEnbActivationRatio", doubleValue);
    double homeEnbActivationRatio = doubleValue.Get();
    GlobalValue::GetValueByName("homeUesHomeEnbRatio", doubleValue);
    double homeUesHomeEnbRatio = doubleValue.Get();
    GlobalValue::GetValueByName("macroEnbTxPowerDbm", doubleValue);
    double macroEnbTxPowerDbm = doubleValue.Get();
    GlobalValue::GetValueByName("homeEnbTxPowerDbm", doubleValue);
    double homeEnbTxPowerDbm = doubleValue.Get();
    GlobalValue::GetValueByName("macroEnbDlEarfcn", uintegerValue);
    uint32_t macroEnbDlEarfcn = uintegerValue.Get();
    GlobalValue::GetValueByName("homeEnbDlEarfcn", uintegerValue);
    uint32_t homeEnbDlEarfcn = uintegerValue.Get();
    GlobalValue::GetValueByName("macroEnbBandwidth", uintegerValue);
    uint16_t macroEnbBandwidth = uintegerValue.Get();
    GlobalValue::GetValueByName("homeEnbBandwidth", uintegerValue);
    uint16_t homeEnbBandwidth = uintegerValue.Get();
    GlobalValue::GetValueByName("simTime", doubleValue);
    double simTime = doubleValue.Get();
    GlobalValue::GetValueByName("epc", booleanValue);
    bool epc = booleanValue.Get();
    GlobalValue::GetValueByName("epcDl", booleanValue);
    bool epcDl = booleanValue.Get();
    GlobalValue::GetValueByName("epcUl", booleanValue);
    bool epcUl = booleanValue.Get();
    GlobalValue::GetValueByName("useUdp", booleanValue);
    bool useUdp = booleanValue.Get();
    GlobalValue::GetValueByName("generateRem", booleanValue);
    bool generateRem = booleanValue.Get();
    GlobalValue::GetValueByName("remRbId", integerValue);
    int32_t remRbId = integerValue.Get();
    GlobalValue::GetValueByName("fadingTrace", stringValue);
    std::string fadingTrace = stringValue.Get();
    GlobalValue::GetValueByName("numBearersPerUe", uintegerValue);
    uint16_t numBearersPerUe = uintegerValue.Get();
    GlobalValue::GetValueByName("srsPeriodicity", uintegerValue);
    uint16_t srsPeriodicity = uintegerValue.Get();
    GlobalValue::GetValueByName("outdoorUeMinSpeed", doubleValue);
    uint16_t outdoorUeMinSpeed = doubleValue.Get();
    GlobalValue::GetValueByName("outdoorUeMaxSpeed", doubleValue);
    uint16_t outdoorUeMaxSpeed = doubleValue.Get();
 
    Config::SetDefault("ns3::LteEnbRrc::SrsPeriodicity", UintegerValue(srsPeriodicity));
 
    Box macroUeBox;
    double ueZ = 1.5;
    if (nMacroEnbSites > 0)
    {
        uint32_t currentSite = nMacroEnbSites - 1;
        uint32_t biRowIndex = (currentSite / (nMacroEnbSitesX + nMacroEnbSitesX + 1));
        uint32_t biRowRemainder = currentSite % (nMacroEnbSitesX + nMacroEnbSitesX + 1);
        uint32_t rowIndex = biRowIndex * 2 + 1;
        if (biRowRemainder >= nMacroEnbSitesX)
        {
            ++rowIndex;
        }
        uint32_t nMacroEnbSitesY = rowIndex;
        NS_LOG_LOGIC("nMacroEnbSitesY = " << nMacroEnbSitesY);
 
        macroUeBox = Box(-areaMarginFactor * interSiteDistance,
                         (nMacroEnbSitesX + areaMarginFactor) * interSiteDistance,
                         -areaMarginFactor * interSiteDistance,
                         (nMacroEnbSitesY - 1) * interSiteDistance * sqrt(0.75) +
                             areaMarginFactor * interSiteDistance,
                         ueZ,
                         ueZ);
    }
    else
    {
        // still need the box to place femtocell blocks
        macroUeBox = Box(0, 150, 0, 150, ueZ, ueZ);
    }
 
    FemtocellBlockAllocator blockAllocator(macroUeBox, nApartmentsX, nFloors);
    blockAllocator.Create(nBlocks);
 
    uint32_t nHomeEnbs = round(4 * nApartmentsX * nBlocks * nFloors * homeEnbDeploymentRatio *
                               homeEnbActivationRatio);
    NS_LOG_LOGIC("nHomeEnbs = " << nHomeEnbs);
    uint32_t nHomeUes = round(nHomeEnbs * homeUesHomeEnbRatio);
    NS_LOG_LOGIC("nHomeUes = " << nHomeUes);
    double macroUeAreaSize =
        (macroUeBox.xMax - macroUeBox.xMin) * (macroUeBox.yMax - macroUeBox.yMin);
    uint32_t nMacroUes = round(macroUeAreaSize * macroUeDensity);
    NS_LOG_LOGIC("nMacroUes = " << nMacroUes << " (density=" << macroUeDensity << ")");
 
    NodeContainer homeEnbs;
    homeEnbs.Create(nHomeEnbs);
    NodeContainer macroEnbs;
    macroEnbs.Create(3 * nMacroEnbSites);
    NodeContainer homeUes;
    homeUes.Create(nHomeUes);
    NodeContainer macroUes;
    macroUes.Create(nMacroUes);
 
    MobilityHelper mobility;
    mobility.SetMobilityModel("ns3::ConstantPositionMobilityModel");
 
    Ptr<LteHelper> lteHelper = CreateObject<LteHelper>();
    lteHelper->SetAttribute("PathlossModel",
                            StringValue("ns3::HybridBuildingsPropagationLossModel"));
    lteHelper->SetPathlossModelAttribute("ShadowSigmaExtWalls", DoubleValue(0));
    lteHelper->SetPathlossModelAttribute("ShadowSigmaOutdoor", DoubleValue(1));
    lteHelper->SetPathlossModelAttribute("ShadowSigmaIndoor", DoubleValue(1.5));
    // use always LOS model
    lteHelper->SetPathlossModelAttribute("Los2NlosThr", DoubleValue(1e6));
    lteHelper->SetSpectrumChannelType("ns3::MultiModelSpectrumChannel");
 
    //   lteHelper->EnableLogComponents ();
    //   LogComponentEnable ("PfFfMacScheduler", LOG_LEVEL_ALL);
 
    if (!fadingTrace.empty())
    {
        lteHelper->SetAttribute("FadingModel", StringValue("ns3::TraceFadingLossModel"));
        lteHelper->SetFadingModelAttribute("TraceFilename", StringValue(fadingTrace));
    }
 
    Ptr<PointToPointEpcHelper> epcHelper;
    if (epc)
    {
        NS_LOG_LOGIC("enabling EPC");
        epcHelper = CreateObject<PointToPointEpcHelper>();
        lteHelper->SetEpcHelper(epcHelper);
    }
 
    // Macro eNBs in 3-sector hex grid
 
    mobility.Install(macroEnbs);
    BuildingsHelper::Install(macroEnbs);
    Ptr<LteHexGridEnbTopologyHelper> lteHexGridEnbTopologyHelper =
        CreateObject<LteHexGridEnbTopologyHelper>();
    lteHexGridEnbTopologyHelper->SetLteHelper(lteHelper);
    lteHexGridEnbTopologyHelper->SetAttribute("InterSiteDistance", DoubleValue(interSiteDistance));
    lteHexGridEnbTopologyHelper->SetAttribute("MinX", DoubleValue(interSiteDistance / 2));
    lteHexGridEnbTopologyHelper->SetAttribute("GridWidth", UintegerValue(nMacroEnbSitesX));
    Config::SetDefault("ns3::LteEnbPhy::TxPower", DoubleValue(macroEnbTxPowerDbm));
    lteHelper->SetEnbAntennaModelType("ns3::ParabolicAntennaModel");
    lteHelper->SetEnbAntennaModelAttribute("Beamwidth", DoubleValue(70));
    lteHelper->SetEnbAntennaModelAttribute("MaxAttenuation", DoubleValue(20.0));
    lteHelper->SetEnbDeviceAttribute("DlEarfcn", UintegerValue(macroEnbDlEarfcn));
    lteHelper->SetEnbDeviceAttribute("UlEarfcn", UintegerValue(macroEnbDlEarfcn + 18000));
    lteHelper->SetEnbDeviceAttribute("DlBandwidth", UintegerValue(macroEnbBandwidth));
    lteHelper->SetEnbDeviceAttribute("UlBandwidth", UintegerValue(macroEnbBandwidth));
    NetDeviceContainer macroEnbDevs =
        lteHexGridEnbTopologyHelper->SetPositionAndInstallEnbDevice(macroEnbs);
 
    if (epc)
    {
        // this enables handover for macro eNBs
        lteHelper->AddX2Interface(macroEnbs);
    }
 
    // HomeEnbs randomly indoor
 
    Ptr<PositionAllocator> positionAlloc = CreateObject<RandomRoomPositionAllocator>();
    mobility.SetPositionAllocator(positionAlloc);
    mobility.Install(homeEnbs);
    BuildingsHelper::Install(homeEnbs);
    Config::SetDefault("ns3::LteEnbPhy::TxPower", DoubleValue(homeEnbTxPowerDbm));
    lteHelper->SetEnbAntennaModelType("ns3::IsotropicAntennaModel");
    lteHelper->SetEnbDeviceAttribute("DlEarfcn", UintegerValue(homeEnbDlEarfcn));
    lteHelper->SetEnbDeviceAttribute("UlEarfcn", UintegerValue(homeEnbDlEarfcn + 18000));
    lteHelper->SetEnbDeviceAttribute("DlBandwidth", UintegerValue(homeEnbBandwidth));
    lteHelper->SetEnbDeviceAttribute("UlBandwidth", UintegerValue(homeEnbBandwidth));
    lteHelper->SetEnbDeviceAttribute("CsgId", UintegerValue(1));
    lteHelper->SetEnbDeviceAttribute("CsgIndication", BooleanValue(true));
    NetDeviceContainer homeEnbDevs = lteHelper->InstallEnbDevice(homeEnbs);
 
    // home UEs located in the same apartment in which there are the Home eNBs
    positionAlloc = CreateObject<SameRoomPositionAllocator>(homeEnbs);
    mobility.SetPositionAllocator(positionAlloc);
    mobility.Install(homeUes);
    BuildingsHelper::Install(homeUes);
    // set the home UE as a CSG member of the home eNodeBs
    lteHelper->SetUeDeviceAttribute("CsgId", UintegerValue(1));
    NetDeviceContainer homeUeDevs = lteHelper->InstallUeDevice(homeUes);
 
    // macro Ues
    NS_LOG_LOGIC("randomly allocating macro UEs in " << macroUeBox << " speedMin "
                                                     << outdoorUeMinSpeed << " speedMax "
                                                     << outdoorUeMaxSpeed);
    if (outdoorUeMaxSpeed != 0.0)
    {
        mobility.SetMobilityModel("ns3::SteadyStateRandomWaypointMobilityModel");
 
        Config::SetDefault("ns3::SteadyStateRandomWaypointMobilityModel::MinX",
                           DoubleValue(macroUeBox.xMin));
        Config::SetDefault("ns3::SteadyStateRandomWaypointMobilityModel::MinY",
                           DoubleValue(macroUeBox.yMin));
        Config::SetDefault("ns3::SteadyStateRandomWaypointMobilityModel::MaxX",
                           DoubleValue(macroUeBox.xMax));
        Config::SetDefault("ns3::SteadyStateRandomWaypointMobilityModel::MaxY",
                           DoubleValue(macroUeBox.yMax));
        Config::SetDefault("ns3::SteadyStateRandomWaypointMobilityModel::Z", DoubleValue(ueZ));
        Config::SetDefault("ns3::SteadyStateRandomWaypointMobilityModel::MaxSpeed",
                           DoubleValue(outdoorUeMaxSpeed));
        Config::SetDefault("ns3::SteadyStateRandomWaypointMobilityModel::MinSpeed",
                           DoubleValue(outdoorUeMinSpeed));
 
        // this is not used since SteadyStateRandomWaypointMobilityModel
        // takes care of initializing the positions;  however we need to
        // reset it since the previously used PositionAllocator
        // (SameRoom) will cause an error when used with homeDeploymentRatio=0
        positionAlloc = CreateObject<RandomBoxPositionAllocator>();
        mobility.SetPositionAllocator(positionAlloc);
        mobility.Install(macroUes);
 
        // forcing initialization so we don't have to wait for Nodes to
        // start before positions are assigned (which is needed to
        // output node positions to file and to make AttachToClosestEnb work)
        for (auto it = macroUes.Begin(); it != macroUes.End(); ++it)
        {
            (*it)->Initialize();
        }
    }
    else
    {
        positionAlloc = CreateObject<RandomBoxPositionAllocator>();
        Ptr<UniformRandomVariable> xVal = CreateObject<UniformRandomVariable>();
        xVal->SetAttribute("Min", DoubleValue(macroUeBox.xMin));
        xVal->SetAttribute("Max", DoubleValue(macroUeBox.xMax));
        positionAlloc->SetAttribute("X", PointerValue(xVal));
        Ptr<UniformRandomVariable> yVal = CreateObject<UniformRandomVariable>();
        yVal->SetAttribute("Min", DoubleValue(macroUeBox.yMin));
        yVal->SetAttribute("Max", DoubleValue(macroUeBox.yMax));
        positionAlloc->SetAttribute("Y", PointerValue(yVal));
        Ptr<UniformRandomVariable> zVal = CreateObject<UniformRandomVariable>();
        zVal->SetAttribute("Min", DoubleValue(macroUeBox.zMin));
        zVal->SetAttribute("Max", DoubleValue(macroUeBox.zMax));
        positionAlloc->SetAttribute("Z", PointerValue(zVal));
        mobility.SetPositionAllocator(positionAlloc);
        mobility.Install(macroUes);
    }
    BuildingsHelper::Install(macroUes);
 
    NetDeviceContainer macroUeDevs = lteHelper->InstallUeDevice(macroUes);
 
    Ipv4Address remoteHostAddr;
    NodeContainer ues;
    Ipv4StaticRoutingHelper ipv4RoutingHelper;
    Ipv4InterfaceContainer ueIpIfaces;
    Ptr<Node> remoteHost;
    NetDeviceContainer ueDevs;
 
    if (epc)
    {
        NS_LOG_LOGIC("setting up internet and remote host");
 
        // Create a single RemoteHost
        NodeContainer remoteHostContainer;
        remoteHostContainer.Create(1);
        remoteHost = remoteHostContainer.Get(0);
        InternetStackHelper internet;
        internet.Install(remoteHostContainer);
 
        // Create the Internet
        PointToPointHelper p2ph;
        p2ph.SetDeviceAttribute("DataRate", DataRateValue(DataRate("100Gb/s")));
        p2ph.SetDeviceAttribute("Mtu", UintegerValue(1500));
        p2ph.SetChannelAttribute("Delay", TimeValue(Seconds(0.010)));
        Ptr<Node> pgw = epcHelper->GetPgwNode();
        NetDeviceContainer internetDevices = p2ph.Install(pgw, remoteHost);
        Ipv4AddressHelper ipv4h;
        ipv4h.SetBase("1.0.0.0", "255.0.0.0");
        Ipv4InterfaceContainer internetIpIfaces = ipv4h.Assign(internetDevices);
        // in this container, interface 0 is the pgw, 1 is the remoteHost
        remoteHostAddr = internetIpIfaces.GetAddress(1);
 
        Ipv4StaticRoutingHelper ipv4RoutingHelper;
        Ptr<Ipv4StaticRouting> remoteHostStaticRouting =
            ipv4RoutingHelper.GetStaticRouting(remoteHost->GetObject<Ipv4>());
        remoteHostStaticRouting->AddNetworkRouteTo(Ipv4Address("7.0.0.0"),
                                                   Ipv4Mask("255.0.0.0"),
                                                   1);
 
        // for internetworking purposes, consider together home UEs and macro UEs
        ues.Add(homeUes);
        ues.Add(macroUes);
        ueDevs.Add(homeUeDevs);
        ueDevs.Add(macroUeDevs);
 
        // Install the IP stack on the UEs
        internet.Install(ues);
        ueIpIfaces = epcHelper->AssignUeIpv4Address(NetDeviceContainer(ueDevs));
 
        // attachment (needs to be done after IP stack configuration)
        // using initial cell selection
        lteHelper->Attach(macroUeDevs);
        lteHelper->Attach(homeUeDevs);
    }
    else
    {
        // macro UEs attached to the closest macro eNB
        lteHelper->AttachToClosestEnb(macroUeDevs, macroEnbDevs);
 
        // each home UE is attached explicitly to its home eNB
        NetDeviceContainer::Iterator ueDevIt;
        NetDeviceContainer::Iterator enbDevIt;
        for (ueDevIt = homeUeDevs.Begin(), enbDevIt = homeEnbDevs.Begin();
             ueDevIt != homeUeDevs.End();
             ++ueDevIt, ++enbDevIt)
        {
            // this because of the order in which SameRoomPositionAllocator
            // will place the UEs
            if (enbDevIt == homeEnbDevs.End())
            {
                enbDevIt = homeEnbDevs.Begin();
            }
            lteHelper->Attach(*ueDevIt, *enbDevIt);
        }
    }
 
    if (epc)
    {
        NS_LOG_LOGIC("setting up applications");
 
        // Install and start applications on UEs and remote host
        uint16_t dlPort = 10000;
        uint16_t ulPort = 20000;
 
        // randomize a bit start times to avoid simulation artifacts
        // (e.g., buffer overflows due to packet transmissions happening
        // exactly at the same time)
        Ptr<UniformRandomVariable> startTimeSeconds = CreateObject<UniformRandomVariable>();
        if (useUdp)
        {
            startTimeSeconds->SetAttribute("Min", DoubleValue(0));
            startTimeSeconds->SetAttribute("Max", DoubleValue(0.010));
        }
        else
        {
            // TCP needs to be started late enough so that all UEs are connected
            // otherwise TCP SYN packets will get lost
            startTimeSeconds->SetAttribute("Min", DoubleValue(0.100));
            startTimeSeconds->SetAttribute("Max", DoubleValue(0.110));
        }
 
        for (uint32_t u = 0; u < ues.GetN(); ++u)
        {
            Ptr<Node> ue = ues.Get(u);
            // Set the default gateway for the UE
            Ptr<Ipv4StaticRouting> ueStaticRouting =
                ipv4RoutingHelper.GetStaticRouting(ue->GetObject<Ipv4>());
            ueStaticRouting->SetDefaultRoute(epcHelper->GetUeDefaultGatewayAddress(), 1);
 
            for (uint32_t b = 0; b < numBearersPerUe; ++b)
            {
                ++dlPort;
                ++ulPort;
 
                ApplicationContainer clientApps;
                ApplicationContainer serverApps;
 
                if (useUdp)
                {
                    if (epcDl)
                    {
                        NS_LOG_LOGIC("installing UDP DL app for UE " << u);
                        UdpClientHelper dlClientHelper(ueIpIfaces.GetAddress(u), dlPort);
                        clientApps.Add(dlClientHelper.Install(remoteHost));
                        PacketSinkHelper dlPacketSinkHelper(
                            "ns3::UdpSocketFactory",
                            InetSocketAddress(Ipv4Address::GetAny(), dlPort));
                        serverApps.Add(dlPacketSinkHelper.Install(ue));
                    }
                    if (epcUl)
                    {
                        NS_LOG_LOGIC("installing UDP UL app for UE " << u);
                        UdpClientHelper ulClientHelper(remoteHostAddr, ulPort);
                        clientApps.Add(ulClientHelper.Install(ue));
                        PacketSinkHelper ulPacketSinkHelper(
                            "ns3::UdpSocketFactory",
                            InetSocketAddress(Ipv4Address::GetAny(), ulPort));
                        serverApps.Add(ulPacketSinkHelper.Install(remoteHost));
                    }
                }
                else // use TCP
                {
                    if (epcDl)
                    {
                        NS_LOG_LOGIC("installing TCP DL app for UE " << u);
                        BulkSendHelper dlClientHelper(
                            "ns3::TcpSocketFactory",
                            InetSocketAddress(ueIpIfaces.GetAddress(u), dlPort));
                        dlClientHelper.SetAttribute("MaxBytes", UintegerValue(0));
                        clientApps.Add(dlClientHelper.Install(remoteHost));
                        PacketSinkHelper dlPacketSinkHelper(
                            "ns3::TcpSocketFactory",
                            InetSocketAddress(Ipv4Address::GetAny(), dlPort));
                        serverApps.Add(dlPacketSinkHelper.Install(ue));
                    }
                    if (epcUl)
                    {
                        NS_LOG_LOGIC("installing TCP UL app for UE " << u);
                        BulkSendHelper ulClientHelper("ns3::TcpSocketFactory",
                                                      InetSocketAddress(remoteHostAddr, ulPort));
                        ulClientHelper.SetAttribute("MaxBytes", UintegerValue(0));
                        clientApps.Add(ulClientHelper.Install(ue));
                        PacketSinkHelper ulPacketSinkHelper(
                            "ns3::TcpSocketFactory",
                            InetSocketAddress(Ipv4Address::GetAny(), ulPort));
                        serverApps.Add(ulPacketSinkHelper.Install(remoteHost));
                    }
                } // end if (useUdp)
 
                Ptr<EpcTft> tft = Create<EpcTft>();
                if (epcDl)
                {
                    EpcTft::PacketFilter dlpf;
                    dlpf.localPortStart = dlPort;
                    dlpf.localPortEnd = dlPort;
                    tft->Add(dlpf);
                }
                if (epcUl)
                {
                    EpcTft::PacketFilter ulpf;
                    ulpf.remotePortStart = ulPort;
                    ulpf.remotePortEnd = ulPort;
                    tft->Add(ulpf);
                }
 
                if (epcDl || epcUl)
                {
                    EpsBearer bearer(EpsBearer::NGBR_VIDEO_TCP_DEFAULT);
                    lteHelper->ActivateDedicatedEpsBearer(ueDevs.Get(u), bearer, tft);
                }
                Time startTime = Seconds(startTimeSeconds->GetValue());
                serverApps.Start(startTime);
                clientApps.Start(startTime);
 
            } // end for b
        }
    }
    else // (epc == false)
    {
        // for radio bearer activation purposes, consider together home UEs and macro UEs
        NetDeviceContainer ueDevs;
        ueDevs.Add(homeUeDevs);
        ueDevs.Add(macroUeDevs);
        for (uint32_t u = 0; u < ueDevs.GetN(); ++u)
        {
            Ptr<NetDevice> ueDev = ueDevs.Get(u);
            for (uint32_t b = 0; b < numBearersPerUe; ++b)
            {
                EpsBearer::Qci q = EpsBearer::NGBR_VIDEO_TCP_DEFAULT;
                EpsBearer bearer(q);
                lteHelper->ActivateDataRadioBearer(ueDev, bearer);
            }
        }
    }
 
    Ptr<RadioEnvironmentMapHelper> remHelper;
    if (generateRem)
    {
        PrintGnuplottableBuildingListToFile("buildings.txt");
        PrintGnuplottableEnbListToFile("enbs.txt");
        PrintGnuplottableUeListToFile("ues.txt");
 
        remHelper = CreateObject<RadioEnvironmentMapHelper>();
        remHelper->SetAttribute("Channel", PointerValue(lteHelper->GetDownlinkSpectrumChannel()));
        remHelper->SetAttribute("OutputFile", StringValue("lena-dual-stripe.rem"));
        remHelper->SetAttribute("XMin", DoubleValue(macroUeBox.xMin));
        remHelper->SetAttribute("XMax", DoubleValue(macroUeBox.xMax));
        remHelper->SetAttribute("YMin", DoubleValue(macroUeBox.yMin));
        remHelper->SetAttribute("YMax", DoubleValue(macroUeBox.yMax));
        remHelper->SetAttribute("Z", DoubleValue(1.5));
 
        if (remRbId >= 0)
        {
            remHelper->SetAttribute("UseDataChannel", BooleanValue(true));
            remHelper->SetAttribute("RbId", IntegerValue(remRbId));
        }
 
        remHelper->Install();
        // simulation will stop right after the REM has been generated
    }
    else
    {
        Simulator::Stop(Seconds(simTime));
    }
 
    lteHelper->EnableMacTraces();
    lteHelper->EnableRlcTraces();
    if (epc)
    {
        lteHelper->EnablePdcpTraces();
    }
 
    Simulator::Run();
 
    // GtkConfigStore config;
    // config.ConfigureAttributes ();
 
    lteHelper = nullptr;
    Simulator::Destroy();
    return 0;
}