A Discrete-Event Network Simulator
API
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wifi-he-network.cc
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1/*
2 * Copyright (c) 2016 SEBASTIEN DERONNE
3 *
4 * SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
5 *
6 * Author: Sebastien Deronne <sebastien.deronne@gmail.com>
7 */
8
9#include "ns3/boolean.h"
10#include "ns3/command-line.h"
11#include "ns3/config.h"
12#include "ns3/double.h"
13#include "ns3/enum.h"
14#include "ns3/he-phy.h"
15#include "ns3/internet-stack-helper.h"
16#include "ns3/ipv4-address-helper.h"
17#include "ns3/ipv4-global-routing-helper.h"
18#include "ns3/log.h"
19#include "ns3/mobility-helper.h"
20#include "ns3/multi-model-spectrum-channel.h"
21#include "ns3/on-off-helper.h"
22#include "ns3/packet-sink-helper.h"
23#include "ns3/packet-sink.h"
24#include "ns3/spectrum-wifi-helper.h"
25#include "ns3/ssid.h"
26#include "ns3/string.h"
27#include "ns3/udp-client-server-helper.h"
28#include "ns3/udp-server.h"
29#include "ns3/uinteger.h"
30#include "ns3/wifi-acknowledgment.h"
31#include "ns3/yans-wifi-channel.h"
32#include "ns3/yans-wifi-helper.h"
33
34#include <functional>
35
36// This is a simple example in order to show how to configure an IEEE 802.11ax Wi-Fi network.
37//
38// It outputs the UDP or TCP goodput for every HE MCS value, which depends on the MCS value (0 to
39// 11), the channel width (20, 40, 80 or 160 MHz) and the guard interval (800ns, 1600ns or 3200ns).
40// The PHY bitrate is constant over all the simulation run. The user can also specify the distance
41// between the access point and the station: the larger the distance the smaller the goodput.
42//
43// The simulation assumes a configurable number of stations in an infrastructure network:
44//
45// STA AP
46// * *
47// | |
48// n1 n2
49//
50// Packets in this simulation belong to BestEffort Access Class (AC_BE).
51// By selecting an acknowledgment sequence for DL MU PPDUs, it is possible to aggregate a
52// Round Robin scheduler to the AP, so that DL MU PPDUs are sent by the AP via DL OFDMA.
53
54using namespace ns3;
55
56NS_LOG_COMPONENT_DEFINE("he-wifi-network");
57
58int
59main(int argc, char* argv[])
60{
61 bool udp{true};
62 bool downlink{true};
63 bool useRts{false};
64 bool use80Plus80{false};
65 bool useExtendedBlockAck{false};
66 Time simulationTime{"10s"};
67 meter_u distance{1.0};
68 double frequency{5}; // whether 2.4, 5 or 6 GHz
69 std::size_t nStations{1};
70 std::string dlAckSeqType{"NO-OFDMA"};
71 bool enableUlOfdma{false};
72 bool enableBsrp{false};
73 int mcs{-1}; // -1 indicates an unset value
74 uint32_t payloadSize =
75 700; // must fit in the max TX duration when transmitting at MCS 0 over an RU of 26 tones
76 std::string phyModel{"Yans"};
77 double minExpectedThroughput{0};
78 double maxExpectedThroughput{0};
79 Time accessReqInterval{0};
80
81 CommandLine cmd(__FILE__);
82 cmd.AddValue("frequency",
83 "Whether working in the 2.4, 5 or 6 GHz band (other values gets rejected)",
84 frequency);
85 cmd.AddValue("distance",
86 "Distance in meters between the station and the access point",
87 distance);
88 cmd.AddValue("simulationTime", "Simulation time", simulationTime);
89 cmd.AddValue("udp", "UDP if set to 1, TCP otherwise", udp);
90 cmd.AddValue("downlink",
91 "Generate downlink flows if set to 1, uplink flows otherwise",
92 downlink);
93 cmd.AddValue("useRts", "Enable/disable RTS/CTS", useRts);
94 cmd.AddValue("use80Plus80", "Enable/disable use of 80+80 MHz", use80Plus80);
95 cmd.AddValue("useExtendedBlockAck", "Enable/disable use of extended BACK", useExtendedBlockAck);
96 cmd.AddValue("nStations", "Number of non-AP HE stations", nStations);
97 cmd.AddValue("dlAckType",
98 "Ack sequence type for DL OFDMA (NO-OFDMA, ACK-SU-FORMAT, MU-BAR, AGGR-MU-BAR)",
99 dlAckSeqType);
100 cmd.AddValue("enableUlOfdma",
101 "Enable UL OFDMA (useful if DL OFDMA is enabled and TCP is used)",
102 enableUlOfdma);
103 cmd.AddValue("enableBsrp",
104 "Enable BSRP (useful if DL and UL OFDMA are enabled and TCP is used)",
105 enableBsrp);
106 cmd.AddValue(
107 "muSchedAccessReqInterval",
108 "Duration of the interval between two requests for channel access made by the MU scheduler",
109 accessReqInterval);
110 cmd.AddValue("mcs", "if set, limit testing to a specific MCS (0-11)", mcs);
111 cmd.AddValue("payloadSize", "The application payload size in bytes", payloadSize);
112 cmd.AddValue("phyModel",
113 "PHY model to use when OFDMA is disabled (Yans or Spectrum). If 80+80 MHz or "
114 "OFDMA is enabled "
115 "then Spectrum is automatically selected",
116 phyModel);
117 cmd.AddValue("minExpectedThroughput",
118 "if set, simulation fails if the lowest throughput is below this value",
119 minExpectedThroughput);
120 cmd.AddValue("maxExpectedThroughput",
121 "if set, simulation fails if the highest throughput is above this value",
122 maxExpectedThroughput);
123 cmd.Parse(argc, argv);
124
125 if (useRts)
126 {
127 Config::SetDefault("ns3::WifiRemoteStationManager::RtsCtsThreshold", StringValue("0"));
128 Config::SetDefault("ns3::WifiDefaultProtectionManager::EnableMuRts", BooleanValue(true));
129 }
130
131 if (dlAckSeqType == "ACK-SU-FORMAT")
132 {
133 Config::SetDefault("ns3::WifiDefaultAckManager::DlMuAckSequenceType",
135 }
136 else if (dlAckSeqType == "MU-BAR")
137 {
138 Config::SetDefault("ns3::WifiDefaultAckManager::DlMuAckSequenceType",
140 }
141 else if (dlAckSeqType == "AGGR-MU-BAR")
142 {
143 Config::SetDefault("ns3::WifiDefaultAckManager::DlMuAckSequenceType",
145 }
146 else if (dlAckSeqType != "NO-OFDMA")
147 {
148 NS_ABORT_MSG("Invalid DL ack sequence type (must be NO-OFDMA, ACK-SU-FORMAT, MU-BAR or "
149 "AGGR-MU-BAR)");
150 }
151
152 if (phyModel != "Yans" && phyModel != "Spectrum")
153 {
154 NS_ABORT_MSG("Invalid PHY model (must be Yans or Spectrum)");
155 }
156 if (use80Plus80 || (dlAckSeqType != "NO-OFDMA"))
157 {
158 // SpectrumWifiPhy is required for 80+80 MHz and OFDMA
159 phyModel = "Spectrum";
160 }
161
162 double prevThroughput[12] = {0};
163
164 std::cout << "MCS value"
165 << "\t\t"
166 << "Channel width"
167 << "\t\t"
168 << "GI"
169 << "\t\t\t"
170 << "Throughput" << '\n';
171 int minMcs = 0;
172 int maxMcs = 11;
173 if (mcs >= 0 && mcs <= 11)
174 {
175 minMcs = mcs;
176 maxMcs = mcs;
177 }
178 for (int mcs = minMcs; mcs <= maxMcs; mcs++)
179 {
180 uint8_t index = 0;
181 double previous = 0;
182 uint8_t maxChannelWidth = frequency == 2.4 ? 40 : 160;
183 int minGi = enableUlOfdma ? 1600 : 800;
184 for (int channelWidth = 20; channelWidth <= maxChannelWidth;) // MHz
185 {
186 const auto is80Plus80 = (use80Plus80 && (channelWidth == 160));
187 const std::string widthStr = is80Plus80 ? "80+80" : std::to_string(channelWidth);
188 const auto segmentWidthStr = is80Plus80 ? "80" : widthStr;
189 for (int gi = 3200; gi >= minGi;) // Nanoseconds
190 {
191 if (!udp)
192 {
193 Config::SetDefault("ns3::TcpSocket::SegmentSize", UintegerValue(payloadSize));
194 }
195
197 wifiStaNodes.Create(nStations);
199 wifiApNode.Create(1);
200
201 NetDeviceContainer apDevice;
205 std::string channelStr("{0, " + segmentWidthStr + ", ");
206 StringValue ctrlRate;
207 auto nonHtRefRateMbps = HePhy::GetNonHtReferenceRate(mcs) / 1e6;
208
209 std::ostringstream ossDataMode;
210 ossDataMode << "HeMcs" << mcs;
211
212 if (frequency == 6)
213 {
214 ctrlRate = StringValue(ossDataMode.str());
215 channelStr += "BAND_6GHZ, 0}";
216 Config::SetDefault("ns3::LogDistancePropagationLossModel::ReferenceLoss",
217 DoubleValue(48));
218 }
219 else if (frequency == 5)
220 {
221 std::ostringstream ossControlMode;
222 ossControlMode << "OfdmRate" << nonHtRefRateMbps << "Mbps";
223 ctrlRate = StringValue(ossControlMode.str());
224 channelStr += "BAND_5GHZ, 0}";
225 }
226 else if (frequency == 2.4)
227 {
228 std::ostringstream ossControlMode;
229 ossControlMode << "ErpOfdmRate" << nonHtRefRateMbps << "Mbps";
230 ctrlRate = StringValue(ossControlMode.str());
231 channelStr += "BAND_2_4GHZ, 0}";
232 Config::SetDefault("ns3::LogDistancePropagationLossModel::ReferenceLoss",
233 DoubleValue(40));
234 }
235 else
236 {
237 NS_FATAL_ERROR("Wrong frequency value!");
238 }
239
240 if (is80Plus80)
241 {
242 channelStr += std::string(";") + channelStr;
243 }
244
245 wifi.SetStandard(WIFI_STANDARD_80211ax);
246 wifi.SetRemoteStationManager("ns3::ConstantRateWifiManager",
247 "DataMode",
248 StringValue(ossDataMode.str()),
249 "ControlMode",
250 ctrlRate);
251 // Set guard interval
252 wifi.ConfigHeOptions("GuardInterval", TimeValue(NanoSeconds(gi)));
253
254 Ssid ssid = Ssid("ns3-80211ax");
255
256 if (phyModel == "Spectrum")
257 {
258 auto spectrumChannel = CreateObject<MultiModelSpectrumChannel>();
259
261 spectrumChannel->AddPropagationLossModel(lossModel);
262
264 phy.SetPcapDataLinkType(WifiPhyHelper::DLT_IEEE802_11_RADIO);
265 phy.SetChannel(spectrumChannel);
266
267 mac.SetType("ns3::StaWifiMac",
268 "Ssid",
269 SsidValue(ssid),
270 "MpduBufferSize",
271 UintegerValue(useExtendedBlockAck ? 256 : 64));
272 phy.Set("ChannelSettings", StringValue(channelStr));
273 staDevices = wifi.Install(phy, mac, wifiStaNodes);
274
275 if (dlAckSeqType != "NO-OFDMA")
276 {
277 mac.SetMultiUserScheduler("ns3::RrMultiUserScheduler",
278 "EnableUlOfdma",
279 BooleanValue(enableUlOfdma),
280 "EnableBsrp",
281 BooleanValue(enableBsrp),
282 "AccessReqInterval",
283 TimeValue(accessReqInterval));
284 }
285 mac.SetType("ns3::ApWifiMac",
286 "EnableBeaconJitter",
287 BooleanValue(false),
288 "Ssid",
289 SsidValue(ssid));
290 apDevice = wifi.Install(phy, mac, wifiApNode);
291 }
292 else
293 {
296 phy.SetPcapDataLinkType(WifiPhyHelper::DLT_IEEE802_11_RADIO);
297 phy.SetChannel(channel.Create());
298
299 mac.SetType("ns3::StaWifiMac",
300 "Ssid",
301 SsidValue(ssid),
302 "MpduBufferSize",
303 UintegerValue(useExtendedBlockAck ? 256 : 64));
304 phy.Set("ChannelSettings", StringValue(channelStr));
305 staDevices = wifi.Install(phy, mac, wifiStaNodes);
306
307 mac.SetType("ns3::ApWifiMac",
308 "EnableBeaconJitter",
309 BooleanValue(false),
310 "Ssid",
311 SsidValue(ssid));
312 apDevice = wifi.Install(phy, mac, wifiApNode);
313 }
314
315 int64_t streamNumber = 150;
316 streamNumber += WifiHelper::AssignStreams(apDevice, streamNumber);
317 streamNumber += WifiHelper::AssignStreams(staDevices, streamNumber);
318
319 // mobility.
322
323 positionAlloc->Add(Vector(0.0, 0.0, 0.0));
324 positionAlloc->Add(Vector(distance, 0.0, 0.0));
325 mobility.SetPositionAllocator(positionAlloc);
326
327 mobility.SetMobilityModel("ns3::ConstantPositionMobilityModel");
328
329 mobility.Install(wifiApNode);
330 mobility.Install(wifiStaNodes);
331
332 /* Internet stack*/
334 stack.Install(wifiApNode);
335 stack.Install(wifiStaNodes);
336 streamNumber += stack.AssignStreams(wifiApNode, streamNumber);
337 streamNumber += stack.AssignStreams(wifiStaNodes, streamNumber);
338
340 address.SetBase("192.168.1.0", "255.255.255.0");
341 Ipv4InterfaceContainer staNodeInterfaces;
342 Ipv4InterfaceContainer apNodeInterface;
343
344 staNodeInterfaces = address.Assign(staDevices);
345 apNodeInterface = address.Assign(apDevice);
346
347 /* Setting applications */
348 ApplicationContainer serverApp;
349 auto serverNodes = downlink ? std::ref(wifiStaNodes) : std::ref(wifiApNode);
351 NodeContainer clientNodes;
352 for (std::size_t i = 0; i < nStations; i++)
353 {
354 serverInterfaces.Add(downlink ? staNodeInterfaces.Get(i)
355 : apNodeInterface.Get(0));
356 clientNodes.Add(downlink ? wifiApNode.Get(0) : wifiStaNodes.Get(i));
357 }
358
359 const auto maxLoad =
360 HePhy::GetDataRate(mcs, channelWidth, NanoSeconds(gi), 1) / nStations;
361 if (udp)
362 {
363 // UDP flow
364 uint16_t port = 9;
366 serverApp = server.Install(serverNodes.get());
367 streamNumber += server.AssignStreams(serverNodes.get(), streamNumber);
368
369 serverApp.Start(Seconds(0.0));
370 serverApp.Stop(simulationTime + Seconds(1.0));
371 const auto packetInterval = payloadSize * 8.0 / maxLoad;
372
373 for (std::size_t i = 0; i < nStations; i++)
374 {
376 client.SetAttribute("MaxPackets", UintegerValue(4294967295U));
377 client.SetAttribute("Interval", TimeValue(Seconds(packetInterval)));
378 client.SetAttribute("PacketSize", UintegerValue(payloadSize));
379 ApplicationContainer clientApp = client.Install(clientNodes.Get(i));
380 streamNumber += client.AssignStreams(clientNodes.Get(i), streamNumber);
381
382 clientApp.Start(Seconds(1.0));
383 clientApp.Stop(simulationTime + Seconds(1.0));
384 }
385 }
386 else
387 {
388 // TCP flow
389 uint16_t port = 50000;
391 PacketSinkHelper packetSinkHelper("ns3::TcpSocketFactory", localAddress);
392 serverApp = packetSinkHelper.Install(serverNodes.get());
393 streamNumber += packetSinkHelper.AssignStreams(serverNodes.get(), streamNumber);
394
395 serverApp.Start(Seconds(0.0));
396 serverApp.Stop(simulationTime + Seconds(1.0));
397
398 for (std::size_t i = 0; i < nStations; i++)
399 {
400 OnOffHelper onoff("ns3::TcpSocketFactory", Ipv4Address::GetAny());
401 onoff.SetAttribute("OnTime",
402 StringValue("ns3::ConstantRandomVariable[Constant=1]"));
403 onoff.SetAttribute("OffTime",
404 StringValue("ns3::ConstantRandomVariable[Constant=0]"));
405 onoff.SetAttribute("PacketSize", UintegerValue(payloadSize));
406 onoff.SetAttribute("DataRate", DataRateValue(maxLoad));
408 InetSocketAddress(serverInterfaces.GetAddress(i), port));
409 onoff.SetAttribute("Remote", remoteAddress);
410 ApplicationContainer clientApp = onoff.Install(clientNodes.Get(i));
411 streamNumber += onoff.AssignStreams(clientNodes.Get(i), streamNumber);
412
413 clientApp.Start(Seconds(1.0));
414 clientApp.Stop(simulationTime + Seconds(1.0));
415 }
416 }
417
419
420 Simulator::Stop(simulationTime + Seconds(1.0));
422
423 // When multiple stations are used, there are chances that association requests
424 // collide and hence the throughput may be lower than expected. Therefore, we relax
425 // the check that the throughput cannot decrease by introducing a scaling factor (or
426 // tolerance)
427 auto tolerance = 0.10;
428 auto rxBytes = 0.0;
429 if (udp)
430 {
431 for (uint32_t i = 0; i < serverApp.GetN(); i++)
432 {
433 rxBytes +=
434 payloadSize * DynamicCast<UdpServer>(serverApp.Get(i))->GetReceived();
435 }
436 }
437 else
438 {
439 for (uint32_t i = 0; i < serverApp.GetN(); i++)
440 {
441 rxBytes += DynamicCast<PacketSink>(serverApp.Get(i))->GetTotalRx();
442 }
443 }
444 auto throughput = (rxBytes * 8) / simulationTime.GetMicroSeconds(); // Mbit/s
445
447
448 std::cout << +mcs << "\t\t\t" << widthStr << " MHz\t\t"
449 << (widthStr.size() > 3 ? "" : "\t") << gi << " ns\t\t\t" << throughput
450 << " Mbit/s" << std::endl;
451
452 // test first element
453 if (mcs == minMcs && channelWidth == 20 && gi == 3200)
454 {
455 if (throughput * (1 + tolerance) < minExpectedThroughput)
456 {
457 NS_LOG_ERROR("Obtained throughput " << throughput << " is not expected!");
458 exit(1);
459 }
460 }
461 // test last element
462 if (mcs == maxMcs && channelWidth == maxChannelWidth && gi == 800)
463 {
464 if (maxExpectedThroughput > 0 &&
465 throughput > maxExpectedThroughput * (1 + tolerance))
466 {
467 NS_LOG_ERROR("Obtained throughput " << throughput << " is not expected!");
468 exit(1);
469 }
470 }
471 // Skip comparisons with previous cases if more than one stations are present
472 // because, e.g., random collisions in the establishment of Block Ack agreements
473 // have an impact on throughput
474 if (nStations == 1)
475 {
476 // test previous throughput is smaller (for the same mcs)
477 if (throughput * (1 + tolerance) > previous)
478 {
479 previous = throughput;
480 }
481 else if (throughput > 0)
482 {
483 NS_LOG_ERROR("Obtained throughput " << throughput << " is not expected!");
484 exit(1);
485 }
486 // test previous throughput is smaller (for the same channel width and GI)
487 if (throughput * (1 + tolerance) > prevThroughput[index])
488 {
489 prevThroughput[index] = throughput;
490 }
491 else if (throughput > 0)
492 {
493 NS_LOG_ERROR("Obtained throughput " << throughput << " is not expected!");
494 exit(1);
495 }
496 }
497 index++;
498 gi /= 2;
499 }
500 channelWidth *= 2;
501 }
502 }
503 return 0;
504}
a polymophic address class
Definition address.h:90
holds a vector of ns3::Application pointers.
void Start(Time start) const
Start all of the Applications in this container at the start time given as a parameter.
Ptr< Application > Get(uint32_t i) const
Get the Ptr<Application> stored in this container at a given index.
void Stop(Time stop) const
Arrange for all of the Applications in this container to Stop() at the Time given as a parameter.
uint32_t GetN() const
Get the number of Ptr<Application> stored in this container.
Parse command-line arguments.
This class can be used to hold variables of floating point type such as 'double' or 'float'.
Definition double.h:31
Hold variables of type enum.
Definition enum.h:52
static uint64_t GetDataRate(uint8_t mcsValue, MHz_u channelWidth, Time guardInterval, uint8_t nss)
Return the data rate corresponding to the supplied HE MCS index, channel width, guard interval,...
Definition he-phy.cc:1701
static uint64_t GetNonHtReferenceRate(uint8_t mcsValue)
Calculate the rate in bps of the non-HT Reference Rate corresponding to the supplied HE MCS index.
Definition he-phy.cc:1743
an Inet address class
aggregate IP/TCP/UDP functionality to existing Nodes.
A helper class to make life easier while doing simple IPv4 address assignment in scripts.
static Ipv4Address GetAny()
static void PopulateRoutingTables()
Build a routing database and initialize the routing tables of the nodes in the simulation.
holds a vector of std::pair of Ptr<Ipv4> and interface index.
std::pair< Ptr< Ipv4 >, uint32_t > Get(uint32_t i) const
Get the std::pair of an Ptr<Ipv4> and interface stored at the location specified by the index.
Helper class used to assign positions and mobility models to nodes.
holds a vector of ns3::NetDevice pointers
keep track of a set of node pointers.
void Add(const NodeContainer &nc)
Append the contents of another NodeContainer to the end of this container.
Ptr< Node > Get(uint32_t i) const
Get the Ptr<Node> stored in this container at a given index.
A helper to make it easier to instantiate an ns3::OnOffApplication on a set of nodes.
A helper to make it easier to instantiate an ns3::PacketSinkApplication on a set of nodes.
Smart pointer class similar to boost::intrusive_ptr.
static EventId Schedule(const Time &delay, FUNC f, Ts &&... args)
Schedule an event to expire after delay.
Definition simulator.h:560
static void Destroy()
Execute the events scheduled with ScheduleDestroy().
Definition simulator.cc:131
static void Run()
Run the simulation.
Definition simulator.cc:167
static void Stop()
Tell the Simulator the calling event should be the last one executed.
Definition simulator.cc:175
Make it easy to create and manage PHY objects for the spectrum model.
The IEEE 802.11 SSID Information Element.
Definition ssid.h:25
Hold variables of type string.
Definition string.h:45
Simulation virtual time values and global simulation resolution.
Definition nstime.h:94
Create a client application which sends UDP packets carrying a 32bit sequence number and a 64 bit tim...
Create a server application which waits for input UDP packets and uses the information carried into t...
Hold an unsigned integer type.
Definition uinteger.h:34
helps to create WifiNetDevice objects
static int64_t AssignStreams(NetDeviceContainer c, int64_t stream)
Assign a fixed random variable stream number to the random variables used by the PHY and MAC aspects ...
create MAC layers for a ns3::WifiNetDevice.
@ DLT_IEEE802_11_RADIO
Include Radiotap link layer information.
static YansWifiChannelHelper Default()
Create a channel helper in a default working state.
Make it easy to create and manage PHY objects for the YANS model.
uint16_t port
Definition dsdv-manet.cc:33
void SetDefault(std::string name, const AttributeValue &value)
Definition config.cc:883
#define NS_FATAL_ERROR(msg)
Report a fatal error with a message and terminate.
#define NS_ABORT_MSG(msg)
Unconditional abnormal program termination with a message.
Definition abort.h:38
#define NS_LOG_ERROR(msg)
Use NS_LOG to output a message of level LOG_ERROR.
Definition log.h:243
#define NS_LOG_COMPONENT_DEFINE(name)
Define a Log component with a specific name.
Definition log.h:191
Ptr< T > CreateObject(Args &&... args)
Create an object by type, with varying number of constructor parameters.
Definition object.h:619
Time NanoSeconds(uint64_t value)
Construct a Time in the indicated unit.
Definition nstime.h:1344
Time Seconds(double value)
Construct a Time in the indicated unit.
Definition nstime.h:1308
@ WIFI_STANDARD_80211ax
address
Definition first.py:36
stack
Definition first.py:33
Every class exported by the ns3 library is enclosed in the ns3 namespace.
Ptr< T1 > DynamicCast(const Ptr< T2 > &p)
Cast a Ptr.
Definition ptr.h:580
STL namespace.
staDevices
Definition third.py:87
ssid
Definition third.py:82
channel
Definition third.py:77
mac
Definition third.py:81
wifi
Definition third.py:84
wifiApNode
Definition third.py:75
mobility
Definition third.py:92
wifiStaNodes
Definition third.py:73
phy
Definition third.py:78
std::ofstream throughput