correlated-shadowing-propagation-loss-model.cc

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/*
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation;
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 * GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
 * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA
 *
 * Author: Davide Magrin <magrinda@dei.unipd.it>
 */
 
#include "correlated-shadowing-propagation-loss-model.h"
 
#include "ns3/double.h"
#include "ns3/log.h"
 
#include <cmath>
 
namespace ns3
{
namespace lorawan
{
 
NS_LOG_COMPONENT_DEFINE("CorrelatedShadowingPropagationLossModel");
 
NS_OBJECT_ENSURE_REGISTERED(CorrelatedShadowingPropagationLossModel);
 
TypeId
CorrelatedShadowingPropagationLossModel::GetTypeId()
{
    static TypeId tid =
        TypeId("ns3::CorrelatedShwodingPropagationLossModel")
            .SetParent<PropagationLossModel>()
            .SetGroupName("Lora")
            .AddConstructor<CorrelatedShadowingPropagationLossModel>()
            .AddAttribute(
                "CorrelationDistance",
                "The distance at which the computed shadowing becomes"
                "uncorrelated",
                DoubleValue(110.0),
                MakeDoubleAccessor(&CorrelatedShadowingPropagationLossModel::m_correlationDistance),
                MakeDoubleChecker<double>());
    return tid;
}
 
CorrelatedShadowingPropagationLossModel::CorrelatedShadowingPropagationLossModel()
{
}
 
double
CorrelatedShadowingPropagationLossModel::DoCalcRxPower(double txPowerDbm,
                                                       Ptr<MobilityModel> a,
                                                       Ptr<MobilityModel> b) const
{
    NS_LOG_FUNCTION(this << txPowerDbm << a << b);
 
    /*
     * Check whether the a MobilityModel is in a grid square that already has
     * its shadowing map.
     */
    Vector position = a->GetPosition();
 
    double x = position.x;
    double y = position.y;
 
    // Compute the coordinates of the grid square (i.e., round the raw position)
    // (x > 0) - (x < 0) is the sign function
    int xcoord =
        ((x > 0) - (x < 0)) * ((std::fabs(x) + m_correlationDistance / 2) / m_correlationDistance);
    int ycoord =
        ((y > 0) - (y < 0)) * ((std::fabs(y) + m_correlationDistance / 2) / m_correlationDistance);
 
    // Wrap coordinates up in a pair
    std::pair<int, int> coordinates(xcoord, ycoord);
 
    NS_LOG_DEBUG("x " << x << ", y " << y);
    NS_LOG_DEBUG("xcoord " << xcoord << ", ycoord " << ycoord);
 
    // Look for the computed coordinates in the shadowingGrid
    std::map<std::pair<int, int>, Ptr<ShadowingMap>>::const_iterator it;
 
    it = m_shadowingGrid.find(coordinates);
 
    if (it == m_shadowingGrid.end()) // Did not find the coordinates
    {
        // If this shadowing grid was not found, create it
        NS_LOG_DEBUG("Creating a new shadowing map to be used at coordinates "
                     << coordinates.first << " " << coordinates.second);
 
        Ptr<ShadowingMap> shadowingMap =
            Create<CorrelatedShadowingPropagationLossModel::ShadowingMap>();
 
        m_shadowingGrid[coordinates] = shadowingMap;
    }
    else
    {
        NS_LOG_DEBUG("This square already has its shadowingMap!");
    }
 
    // Place the iterator on the coordinates
    it = m_shadowingGrid.find(coordinates);
 
    // Get b's position in a's ShadowingMap
    CorrelatedShadowingPropagationLossModel::Position bPosition(b->GetPosition().x,
                                                                b->GetPosition().y);
 
    // Use the map of the a MobilityModel to determine the value of shadowing
    // that corresponds to the position of the MobilityModel b.
    double loss = it->second->GetLoss(bPosition);
 
    NS_LOG_INFO("Shadowing loss: " << loss);
 
    return txPowerDbm - loss;
}
 
int64_t
CorrelatedShadowingPropagationLossModel::DoAssignStreams(int64_t stream)
{
    return 0;
}
 
/*********************************
 *  ShadowingMap implementation  *
 *********************************/
 
// k^{-1} was computed offline
const double CorrelatedShadowingPropagationLossModel::ShadowingMap::m_kInv[4][4] = {
    {1.27968707244633, -0.366414485833771, -0.0415206295795327, -0.366414485833771},
    {-0.366414485833771, 1.27968707244633, -0.366414485833771, -0.0415206295795327},
    {-0.0415206295795327, -0.366414485833771, 1.27968707244633, -0.366414485833771},
    {-0.366414485833771, -0.0415206295795327, -0.366414485833771, 1.27968707244633}};
 
CorrelatedShadowingPropagationLossModel::ShadowingMap::ShadowingMap()
    : m_correlationDistance(110)
{
    NS_LOG_FUNCTION_NOARGS();
 
    // The generation of new variables and positions along the grid is handled
    // by the GetLoss function. Here, we only create the normal random variable.
    m_shadowingValue = CreateObject<NormalRandomVariable>();
    m_shadowingValue->SetAttribute("Mean", DoubleValue(0.0));
    m_shadowingValue->SetAttribute("Variance", DoubleValue(16.0));
}
 
CorrelatedShadowingPropagationLossModel::ShadowingMap::~ShadowingMap()
{
    NS_LOG_FUNCTION_NOARGS();
}
 
double
CorrelatedShadowingPropagationLossModel::ShadowingMap::GetLoss(
    CorrelatedShadowingPropagationLossModel::Position position)
{
    NS_LOG_FUNCTION(this << position.x << position.y);
 
    // Verify whether this position is already in the shadowingMap. Since the
    // Position implementation overloads the == operator, this comparison
    // between doubles is ok and we can use std::map's find function.
    std::map<CorrelatedShadowingPropagationLossModel::Position, double>::const_iterator it;
    it = m_shadowingMap.find(position);
 
    // If it's not found (i.e, if find returns the end of the map), we need to
    // generate the value at the specified position.
    if (it == m_shadowingMap.end())
    {
        // Get the coordinates of the position
        double x = position.x;
        double y = position.y;
        int xcoord = ((x > 0) - (x < 0)) *
                     ((std::fabs(x) + m_correlationDistance / 2) / m_correlationDistance);
        int ycoord = ((y > 0) - (y < 0)) *
                     ((std::fabs(y) + m_correlationDistance / 2) / m_correlationDistance);
 
        // Verify whether there already are the 4 surrounding positions in the
        // map
        double xmin = xcoord * m_correlationDistance - m_correlationDistance / 2;
        double xmax = xcoord * m_correlationDistance + m_correlationDistance / 2;
        double ymin = ycoord * m_correlationDistance - m_correlationDistance / 2;
        double ymax = ycoord * m_correlationDistance + m_correlationDistance / 2;
 
        CorrelatedShadowingPropagationLossModel::Position lowerLeft(xmin, ymin);
        CorrelatedShadowingPropagationLossModel::Position upperLeft(xmin, ymax);
        CorrelatedShadowingPropagationLossModel::Position lowerRight(xmax, ymin);
        CorrelatedShadowingPropagationLossModel::Position upperRight(xmax, ymax);
 
        NS_LOG_DEBUG("Generating a new shadowing value in the following quadrant:");
        NS_LOG_DEBUG("xmin " << xmin << ", xmax " << xmax << ", ymin " << ymin << ", ymax "
                             << ymax);
 
        // Use the map's insert method to insert the coordinates of the 4
        // surrounding positions (if they are already there, they won't be
        // substituted thanks to the map's implementation).
        // TODO: Avoid useless generation of ShadowingMap values. This can be
        // done by performing some checks (and not leveraging the map
        // implementation)
        double q11 = m_shadowingValue->GetValue();
        NS_LOG_DEBUG("Lower left corner: " << q11);
        m_shadowingMap[lowerLeft] = q11;
        double q12 = m_shadowingValue->GetValue();
        NS_LOG_DEBUG("Upper left corner: " << q12);
        m_shadowingMap[upperLeft] = q12;
        double q21 = m_shadowingValue->GetValue();
        NS_LOG_DEBUG("Lower right corner: " << q21);
        m_shadowingMap[lowerRight] = q21;
        double q22 = m_shadowingValue->GetValue();
        NS_LOG_DEBUG("Upper right corner: " << q22);
        m_shadowingMap[upperRight] = q22;
 
        NS_LOG_DEBUG(q11 << " " << q12 << " " << q21 << " " << q22 << " ");
 
        // The c matrix contains the positions of the 4 vertices
        double c[2][4] = {{xmin, xmax, xmax, xmin}, {ymin, ymin, ymax, ymax}};
 
        // For the following procedure, reference:
        // S. Schlegel et al., "On the Interpolation of Data with Normally
        // Distributed Uncertainty for Visualization", IEEE Transactions on
        // Visualization and Computer Graphics, vol. 18, no. 12, Dec. 2012.
 
        // Compute the phi coefficients
        double phi1 = 0;
        double phi2 = 0;
        double phi3 = 0;
        double phi4 = 0;
 
        for (int j = 0; j < 4; j++)
        {
            double distance = sqrt((c[0][j] - x) * (c[0][j] - x) + (c[1][j] - y) * (c[1][j] - y));
 
            NS_LOG_DEBUG("Distance: " << distance);
 
            double k = std::exp(-distance / m_correlationDistance);
            phi1 = phi1 + m_kInv[0][j] * k;
            phi2 = phi2 + m_kInv[1][j] * k;
            phi3 = phi3 + m_kInv[2][j] * k;
            phi4 = phi4 + m_kInv[3][j] * k;
        }
 
        NS_LOG_DEBUG("Phi: " << phi1 << " " << phi2 << " " << phi3 << " " << phi4 << " ");
 
        double shadowing = q11 * phi1 + q21 * phi2 + q22 * phi3 + q12 * phi4;
 
        // Add the newly computed shadowing value to the shadowing map
        m_shadowingMap[position] = shadowing;
        NS_LOG_DEBUG("Created new shadowing map: " << shadowing);
    }
    else
    {
        NS_LOG_DEBUG("Shadowing map for this location already exists");
    }
 
    return m_shadowingMap[position];
}
 
/*****************************
 *  Position Implementation  *
 *****************************/
 
CorrelatedShadowingPropagationLossModel::Position::Position()
{
}
 
CorrelatedShadowingPropagationLossModel::Position::Position(double x, double y)
{
    this->x = x;
    this->y = y;
}
 
/*
 * Since Position holds two doubles, some tolerance must be taken into
 * account when comparing for equality.
 */
bool
CorrelatedShadowingPropagationLossModel::Position::operator==(
    const CorrelatedShadowingPropagationLossModel::Position& other) const
{
    double EPSILON = 0.1; // Arbitrary value for the tolerance, 10 cm.
    return ((fabs(this->x - other.x) < EPSILON) && (fabs(this->y - other.y) < EPSILON));
}
 
/*
 * In order to use Positions as keys in a map, we have to be able to order
 * them correctly.
 */
bool
CorrelatedShadowingPropagationLossModel::Position::operator<(
    const CorrelatedShadowingPropagationLossModel::Position& other) const
{
    if (this->x != other.x)
    {
        return this->x < other.x;
    }
    return this->y < other.y;
}
} // namespace lorawan
} // namespace ns3