mesh.h

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/*
 * Copyright (c) 2009 IITP RAS
 *
 * SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
 *
 * Authors:     Kirill Andreev <andreev@itp.ru>
 *              Aleksander Safonov <safa@iitp.ru>
 *              Pavel Boyko <boyko@iitp.ru>
 *
 * This is top level mesh module description
 */
 
/**
 * \defgroup mesh Mesh Device
 *
 * \brief MAC-layer mobile mesh networking.
 * \section MeshOverview Overview of Layer-2 Mesh networking protocols
 *
 * The main goal of this module is to provide MAC-layer routing functionality.
 
 * The main part of MAC-layer routing model is specific type of a network device --
 * ns3::MeshPointDevice. Being an interface to upper-layer protocols, it provides routing
 functionality
 * hidden from upper-layer protocols, by means of ns3::MeshL2RoutingProtocol.
 *
 * Our model supports stations with multiple network devices handled by a single
 * MAC-layer routing protocol. So, ns3::MeshPointDevice serves as an umbrella to multiple
 * network devices ("interfaces")  working under the same MAC-layer routing protocol.
 *
 * Network devices may be of different types, each with a specific medium access method.
 * So ns3::MeshL2RoutingProtocol consists of two parts: the one independent from the network device
 type,
 * which we refer to as a routing protocol, and the other one depended on the network device type
 which
 * we refer to as a plug-in to the routing protocol.
 *
 * One can imagine a MAC-layer routing as a two-tier model. ns3::MeshL2RoutingProtocol and
 ns3::MeshPointDevice
 * belong to the upper tier. The task of ns3::MeshPointDevice is to send, receive, and forward
 frames,
 * while the task of ns3::MeshL2RoutingProtocol is to resolve routes and keep frames waiting for
 route resolution.
 * This functionality is independent from the types of underlying network devices ("interfaces").
 *
 * The lower tier implements the part of MAC-layer routing, specific for underlying network devices
 * and their medium access control methods. For example, HWMP routing protocol in IEEE802.11s
 * uses its own specific management frames.
 *
 * At present, two routing protocols are implemented in this module:
 *      - HWMP (default routing protocol for IEEE802.11s standard) + Peer management protocol
 *      (also described in 802.11s standard draft) which is required by HWMP to manage peer links
 *      (it works like association mechanism in IEEE802.11).
 *      - FLAME (Forwarding LAyer for MEshing).
 
 * While HWMP only works with 802.11-MAC, FLAME works with all types of network devices, which
 support
 * 48-bit MAC-addressing scheme.
 *
 * \subsection Architecture Architecture of MAC-layer routing stack
 * As already mentioned, MAC-layer routing consists of two tiers.
 * An ns3::MeshPointDevice which forwards frames by using an attached ns3::MeshL2RoutingProtocol
 forms
 * the upper tier. The interface between ns3::MeshPointDevice and the upper-layer protocols is
 inherited
 * from ns3::NetDevice class. The ns3::MeshPointDevice interacts with ns3::MeshL2RoutingProtocol as
 follows:
 * ns3::MeshPointDevice gives to ns3::MeshL2RoutingProtocol a frame with the source and destination
 addresses,
 * the network device index which the frame is received from, and a callback to be executed when the
 route is found.
 * The callback is needed because all routing queues are implemented inside
 ns3::MeshL2RoutingProtocol.
 * When the route is resolved, ns3::MeshL2RoutingProtocol returns the frame back to
 ns3::MeshPointDevice with the
 * network device index which the packet shall be sent to. All additional routing information is
 stored inside
 * the frame by means of tags. In the end, when all these routines are done, the frame goes to the
 lower tier.
 
 * The lower tier is responsible for filling MAC-specific headers. At present, we have only
 implemented the
 * lower tier which is specific for ns3::WifiNetDevice. This tier is implemented as two base
 classes:
 * ns3::MeshWifiInterfaceMac and ns3::MeshWifiInterfaceMacPlugin. The former is a new kind of
 WifiMac. If beacon
 * generation is enabled or disabled, it implements IEEE802.11s mesh functionality or a simple ad
 hoc functionality
 * of the MAC-high part of the WiFi model, respectively. The latter is a plug-in to L2Routing
 protocol.
 * It handles all outgoing and incoming frames, fills headers and make decisions to drop a frame or
 not. Also, it
 * adds information elements to beacons specific to given L2Routing protocol, if needed.
 * \image html MeshArchitecture.png "Overview of the Mesh MAC-layer routing system"
 *
 * \subsection NewProtocol Adding a new protocol
 * This module requires all the network devices operate with ns3::Mac48Address addressing scheme.
 *
 * To add a new L2Routing protocol, one needs to define the following:
 *      - Write an upper part of the protocol inherited from ns3::MeshL2Routing.
 *      - If the protocol works only with 802.11 MAC -- write a plug-in inherited from
 ns3::MeshWifiInterfaceMacPlugin
 *      - If the protocol works with other types of network devices -- write your own plug-in
 (interface for
 *      communication with other types of network devices is not implemented).
 *
 * When you implement a L2Routing protocol, remember that when you are at L2Routing tier,
 * you work with a frame without an LLC header, and when you are at plug-in tier using
 * ns3::MeshWifiInterfaceMacPlugin, an LLC header is already attached (by WifiNetDevice)
 *
 * \attention Note, when you use ns3::MeshWifiInterfaceMac, multiple plug-ins may be installed.
 *
 * \subsection Statistics
 * Each L2Routing protocol has a structure to capture statistics, Report and ResetStats methods.
 * This gives an opportunity to collect statistic to an *.xml file periodically.
 */